Cytochrome c oxidase in photobiomodulation

A Simple Explanation: An Enzyme That Reacts to Light

The Key Role of Cytochrome C Oxidase

Photobiomodulation works through a special molecule: cytochrome c oxidase (CCO). It is a mitochondrial enzyme that:

• Responds to red and near-infrared light (wavelengths 600–1100 nm)
• Absorbs photons and triggers a chain reaction
• Increases ATP production (cellular energy)
• Provides cells with more energy to repair themselves

The cellular cascade

Here's how it works:

1. Photons arrive at the mitochondrion
2. CCO absorbs the energy of the red/infrared photon
3. ATP production increases (by up to 40% after just one session)
4. Reduced free radicals (less inflammation)
5. More energetic cells = better performance

Biological Consequences

Reduction of inflammation

• Fewer inflammatory molecules (TNF-, IL-6)
• Oxidative stress < reduced ROS
• The tissue swells less

Accelerated healing

• More active fibroblasts (collagen production)
• Creating New Ships
• Faster Tissue Repair

Neuroprotection

• Increased neurogenesis (the formation of new neurons)
• Protection against oxidation
• Cognitive and Mental Enhancement

Significant wavelengths

• Red (600–700 nm): highly effective, moderate penetration (5–10 mm)
• Near-infrared (700–1100 nm): penetrates deeper (1–3 cm), excellent for joints
• Infrared (>1100 nm): rarely used (absorption by water)

Validity and Duration

For best results:

• Power: between 10 and 50 mW/cm²
• Duration: 10–30 minutes, depending on the device
• Distance: direct contact or 5–10 cm, depending on the type
• Frequency: 3–5 times a week for a cumulative effect

Conditions for Maximizing the Effects

• No photoblockers (no cream or makeup on the area)
• Clean, dry skin for optimal absorption
• Thermal stability (the skin must not overheat)
• Consistency: Cells "forget" previous stimuli after 3–4 days

See also

• ATP and Photobiomodulation: The Cellular Engine
• PBM and Inflammation: Understanding the Mechanism